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| c. 584 |
| | | Byzantine Italy is brought under a new administration, or exarchate, based in Ravenna | |
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| 614 |
| | | Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred | |
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| 615 |
| | | When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross | |
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| 627 |
| | | The Byzantine emperor Heraclius recovers the True Cross from Ctesiphon | |
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| 638 |
| | | The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control | |
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| 642 |
| | | The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt | |
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| 670 |
| | | The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa | |
|  | Kairouan
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| 674 |
| | | A Muslim fleet attacking Constantinople is deterred by the first known use of the Byzantine secret recipe for 'Greek fire' | |
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| 698 |
| | | Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby | |
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| 726 |
| | | The emperor Leo III launches the iconoclastic controversy, sending soldiers to smash the great image of Christ over the gateway to his palace | |
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